Recently, energy security and sustainable developments are global
challenges that need to be addressed by all nations for their present and future
lives. Energy sources based on fossil fuels (oil, coal, gas, .) and even nuclear
power are now at risk of exhaustion. Moreover, the use of fossil fuels also
emits CO2 that causes catastrophic climate change and environmental
pollution. The challenge now is to find, exploit and use clean, renewable and
energy sources, which is harmless to the environment to replace these
sources of energy. Among the clean energy sources having the capability of
renewable, wind energy, solar energy has been considered as an alternative
energy source with great potential. However, these kinds of energy have a
huge limitation: often discrete and depending on weather conditions. For
overcoming these disadvantages and using these energy sources effectively,
it is necessary to have the storage device to store these energies for use when
necessary.
In the field of research and manufacture of lithium-ion batteries, the three
most important basic materials are i /Group of layer-structure LiCoO2 (LCO)
material; ii/Group of spinel structure materials of LiMn2O4 (LMO); iii/Group
of olivine structural material of LiFePO4 (LFP). These are materials have
high-ability of exchanging and storing H+ and Li+ ions, and they are the basic
element for making positive poles in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
Over the last two decades, the spinel material of transition metal oxides,
particularly the LiMn2O4 compound, has received great attention in the field
of lithium-ion battery research (LIBs). With its popularity, non-toxic spinel
material LiMn2O4 has more advantages over LiCoO2 materials.