Study on chemical constituents and biological activities from culcita novaeguineae muller & troschel, 1842 and pentaceraster gracilis (lutken, 1871) in Vietnam
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The starfish are invertebrates belonging to the class Asteroidea, phylum Echinodermata. Following the classification of Blacke (1987), the class Asteroidea including Brisingida, Forcipulatida, Notomyotida, Paxillosida, Spinulosida, Valvatida, and Velatida. From the 1997 to 2007, the aproximately 98 starfish species were investigated on the chemical conponents as the report of Guang Dong et al. The secondary metabolites from the starfish are characterized by a diversity of polar steroids, including polyhydroxylated steroids and steroid glycosides. There are two main structural groups of steroid glycosides from the starfish, namely asterosaponins and glycosylated polyhydroxysteroids. Those compounds showed several biological properties, such as cytotoxic, hemolytic, and anti-microbial effects. In the Vietnam sea, the starfish belong to the phylum Echinodermata, which was known as the 350 species of 58 phylums, and are divided into five classes Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers), Asteroidea (starfishes), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars), Crinoidea (crinoids and sea lilies), and Ophiuroidea (brittle stars and basket stars). Up to date, the chemical constituents and biological acivities of 9 starfish species abundant in the Vietnam sea were studied, including Archaster typicus, Asterina batheri, Asteropsis carinifera, Astropecten polyacanthus, Astropecten monacanthus, Protoreaster nodosus, Acanthaster planci, Linckia laevigata, and Anthenea aspera. Their structures were determined as the steroid and steroid glycoside which displayed the cytotoxic activity and antiinlammatory